ECONOMY

An economy is the ways in which people use their environment to meet their material needs. It is the realized economic system of a country or other area. It includes the production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. The study of different types and examples of economies is the subject of economic systems. A given economy is the end result of a process that involves its technological evolution, history and social organization, as well as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, among other factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions.

The economy includes several sectors (also called industries), that evolved in successive phases.

* The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistence farming.

* The industrial revolution lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more extensive and monocultural forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries.

* In the economies of modern consumer societies there is a growing part played by services, finance, and technology—the (knowledge economy).

In modern economies, there are four main sectors of economic activity:[citation needed]

* Primary sector of the economy: Involves the extraction and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner and a fisherman would be workers in the primary sector.)
* Secondary sector of the economy: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing.A builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary sector.
* Tertiary sector of the economy: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking.A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary sector.
* Quaternary sector of the economy: Involves the research and development needed to produce products from natural resources.A logging company might research ways to use partially burnt wood to be processed so that the undamaged portions of it can be made into pulp for paper.Note that education is sometimes included in this sector.

More details about the various phases of economic development belong to the history section on this article. As this process was far from being homogeneous geographically, the balance between these sectors differs widely among the various regions of the world.

Other sectors include the

* Public Sector or state sector
* Private Sector or privately-run businesses
* Social sector or Voluntary sector

Yamaha R125

The most advanced 125 production super sport machine that Yamaha will launch in 2009 will be YZF-R125. This radical, high-revving, fuel-injected 125 is the work of the same engineers who created our legendary YZF-R1 and YZF-R6 super sport bikes.

Main Features of Yamaha R125:
-Liquid-cooled single-cylinder 4-stroke
-SOHC 4-valve cylinder head
-Wet-sump lubrication system
-Fuel injection
-Electric start
-6-speed transmission
-R6-style mid-ship muffler
-Dual catalyzers
-Air Induction system

With its R-series styling, sporty performance and handling, the YZF-R125 is the perfect introduction to super sport riding.

Its liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, 4-valve, single cylinder, SOHC engine is tuned to deliver free-revving performance. Like all R-series bikes, it features a lightweight Delta box frame; linked to a cast aluminium swinging-arm it gives the R125 class-leading handling.

Lightweight 5-spoke wheels help to minimize unsprung weight to give impressive road holding, while effective stopping power comes from a large diameter 292mm front disc and 230mm diameter rear disc.

Some of the technical information about Yamaha R125:

Features -

* Dynamic official Team Yamaha graphics
* Free-revving, fuel injected 4-stroke engine
* Aggressive R-series styling
* 6-speed transmission
* Deltabox frame and aluminium swinging arm
* R6 style mid-ship muffler

Engine -

Engine type Liquid-cooled, 4-stroke, single cylinder, 4-valve, SOHC
Displacement 124.66 cc
Bore x stroke 52.0 x 58.6 mm
Compression ratio 11.2 : 1
Maximum power 11.0 kW (15 PS) @ 9,000 rpm
Maximum torque 12.24 Nm (1.25 kg-m) @ 8,000 rpm
Lubrication system Wet sump
Fuel System Fuel injection
Clutch type Wet, multiple-disc coil spring
Ignition system TCI
Starter system Electric
Transmission system Constant mesh, 6-speed
Final transmission Chain
Fuel tank capacity 13.8 L
Oil tank capacity 1.15 L


Chassis -

Chassis: Steel Deltabox
Front suspension system Telescopic forks
Front travel 130 mm
Rear suspension system Swingarm (monocross)
Rear travel 125 mm
Caster angle 24.2°
Trail 86.1 mm
Front brake Single disc, Ø 292 mm
Rear brake Single disc, Ø 230 mm
Front tyre 100/80-17 M/C
Rear tyre 130/70-17 M/C


Dimensions -

Length 2,015 mm
Width 660 mm
Height 970 mm
Seat height 818 mm
Wheel base 1,355 mm
Minimum ground clearance 155 mm
Wet weight 138 kg

YAMAHA BIKES

Yamaha have released these pics of the 2008 R6 and R125 bikes. The 2008 R6 gets a mild style makeover, new chassis and swingarm, freshly fettled 599cc engine with titanium valves, slipper clutch and better front brakes.
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With the new YZF R6, Yamaha are going all out on the performance front – they’ve increased the engine’s compression ratio from 12.8:1 to 13.1:1 and fitted their YCC-I (Yamaha Chip-Controlled Intake) system found on the 2007 R1. This system essentially comprises of a variable-length air-intake system which boosts power at higher revs. The 2008 R6 also gets remapped fuel injection for better throttle response.

2008 R6 paintjobs look good, but we're still undecided about the gold painted wheels....

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.The new R6's chassis gets a magnesium alloy subframe, which is supposed to improve mass centralization. Other changes are increased brake rotor thickness for better heat dissipation, and new colour schemes. The 2007 Honda CBR600RR had thrashed the Yamaha R6 in most bike magazine shootouts this year. Whether the 2008 R6 can claw its way back to the top remains to be seen...

The learner legal 2008 Yamaha YZF R125

For those who are just starting off with bikes, Yamaha have also shown the new YZF R125, which is learner legal. The bike is fitted with a liquid-cooled, four-valve, 124cc, fuel-injected, single-cylinder engine, which is mated to a six-speed gearbox. Styling cues are taken from the latest R6, which is so important when there are teenaged girlfriends to impress…

This is a US-spec colour scheme for the 2008 R6...